News & Updates

It’s common for emergency care clinicians to order more tests if they suspect the patient may have acute coronary syndrome (ACS). But researchers found that routine testing may increase the use of resources but not necessarily improve the outcomes of patients who come to the ER with chest pain but no other evidence or initial diagnosis of ischemia, according to a new study published in JAMA Internal Medicine.

The retrospective cohort analysis looked at national claims data of more than 925,000 privately insured patients between the ages 18 to 64 years old who came to the ER with chest pain. Weekday patients were more likely to receive testing compared to patients who came to the ER on the weekend. Researchers found that invasive and noninvasive cardiac testing of the relatively young patients didn’t lead to a reduction in subsequent hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction.

“Our results show that cardiac testing is overused and reinforces the need to evaluate which, if any, patients with chest pain without evidence of ischemia benefit from noninvasive testing,” write lead author Alexander T. Sandhu, M.D., Stanford University Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, and the research team.

The findings, according to an accompanying editorial in JAMA, are consistent with a rapidly “expanding evidence that challenges the current paradigm of early noninvasive testing after an ED evaluation for suspected ACS.”

In addition to the costs involved, the noninvasive testing may expose patients to injuries associated with radiation exposure, invasive angiography and cardiac revascularization procedures, Benjamin C. Sun, M.D., Center for Policy Research-Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University and Rita F. Redberg, M.D., Division of Cardiology, University of California–San Francisco, wrote in the commentary.

They agree with researchers that further study is necessary to determine whether there is a benefit to the testing for patients who are at higher risk for ACS.

Accountable care is an important mechanism used by public and private payers to align health care provider payments with efficient care for defined patient populations. Leavitt Partners, in partnership with the Accountable Care Learning Collaborative, tracks the growth and spread of accountable care organizations (ACOs) and other alternative payment models.

Growth Of ACOs
As of the end of the first quarter of 2017, our inventory included 923 active public and private ACOs across the United States, covering more than 32 million lives (Figure 1). The increase of 2.2 million covered lives in the past year means that more than 10 percent of the U.S. population is now covered by an accountable care contract (Note 1).

As the ACO model matures, there is now some turnover, with organizations joining and leaving the model. Since the first quarter of 2016, 138 new ACOs began operation, and 46 ACOs dropped their accountable care contracts, representing a net increase of 92 organizations becoming ACOs, or an 11 percent growth.

Over the same period, the number of contracts has grown by 166, as many ACOs have expanded the number of accountable care contracts in which they participate (Figure 2). These ACO contracts span diverse types of health insurers (Figure 3). Commercial contracts represent a plurality of all contracts (715) and a majority of covered lives (59 percent), while Medicare contracts represent 563 contracts but only 29 percent of covered lives. Medicaid accounts for 88 contracts and 12 percent of covered lives. On average, commercial ACO contracts tend to cover more lives (about 26,700 per contract) than Medicare contracts (about 16,800 per contract). The pace of growth in contracts has been similar for all payer types.

While the most populous states have the most ACOs, these organizations continue to expand around the country and exist in all 50 states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico (Figure 4). When examined at a hospital referral region (HRR) level (Figure 5), the strongest ACO growth has occurred in metropolitan areas. However, there are still 15 HRRs that are not served by an ACO.

The percent of the population estimated to be covered by an ACO varies significantly by state (Figure 6). Two largely rural states (Wyoming and West Virginia) have less than 2 percent of their population covered, while two states (Rhode Island and Maine) now have over 30 percent of their populations covered. Interestingly, the most populous states (California, Texas, Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania) have a lower percent of lives covered than the national average, despite having some of the highest counts of ACOs.

Figure 7 shows the estimated percent of the population covered by an ACO at the HRR level. Growth in ACO lives has varied substantially by market, with some markets in every region of the country now having ACO penetration of over 30 percent. Neighboring HRRs in the same state can have vastly different levels of penetration.

Growth Of Other Alternative Payment Models
While ACOs are an important alternative payment model (APM), other APMs with accountability for person- or episode-level outcomes and costs are also expanding. Specifically, there is growth of the APMs labeled category 3 and 4 of the Health Care Payment Learning and Action Network (LAN) framework, which, in addition to shared-savings and shared-risk ACOs, include episode-based models and partially- and fully-capitated payments for patient populations. These trends have been reinforced by passage of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA), which contains new incentives for many physicians to join APMs.

Figure 8 summarizes information from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) on the number of organizations participating in different types of Medicare APMs, categorizing them by model type. Although fewer providers participate in ACOs than in any other type of APM, the majority of dollars paid through APMs flow through the ACO-based models that cover patients’ total cost of care. Together, these APMs represented over 30 percent of Medicare payments in 2016. While Medicare is the most prevalent sponsor of APMs, state Medicaid plans and commercial payers are also expanding a range of APMs. The LAN 2016 APM Measurement Effort found that in 2016, 25 percent of health care dollars were in category 3 and 4 payment models for commercial plans, Medicare Advantage, and Medicaid.

Looking Forward
A variety of factors will influence the growth of ACOs and APMs over the coming years.

Policy Environment
Since the start of the new Congress and the President’s inauguration, there have been ongoing legislative deliberations on the future of the Affordable Care Act. The proposals have generally focused on different methods to provide health insurance coverage, but there is relative bipartisan agreement on the need to support reforms in health care payment to improve value in care delivery. The American Health Care Act, as passed by the House of Representatives, did not seek to change any of the payment and delivery reforms for Medicare and Medicaid, continuing the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI). Consistent with concerns raised by Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price about mandatory APMs, the Trump Administration has delayed mandatory bundled payment programs. However, the administration has otherwise continued the drive toward payment and delivery reforms for Medicare and Medicaid, and private plans in commercial, Medicare Advantage, and Medicaid managed care markets are continuing to implement APMs.

Whether payment reform accelerates or moves in new directions will be influenced by further administrative and legislative actions. To the extent MACRA is implemented on schedule, payment reform is likely to accelerate. While CMS provided physicians with administrative relief from Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) penalties in 2017, in the absence of further delays, physicians must decide whether to report under MIPS or try to participate in an APM to avoid penalties in 2018. As Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) Track 1 participants are not eligible for the MACRA advanced APM bonus, it is likely that more organizations will move toward greater risk sharing arrangements, such as the new MSSP track 1+, MSSP track 3, Next Generation model, or other advanced APMs. The expanding Comprehensive Primary Care Plus program (CPC+) also counts as an advanced APM for primary care providers, and CMS has indicated that it aims to make additional APM options available for specialized care in the coming months.

A Need For More Evidence
To accelerate progress with ACOs, there is a need for more evidence about which models produce the best results for organizations with different circumstances and characteristics, whether rural or urban, large or small, or physician- or hospital-led. To date, there is evidence that a wide range of ACOs can improve measured quality, but fewer ACOs have successfully combined quality improvement with significant spending trend reductions. Given the challenges of reforming care delivery to improve outcomes and lower spending, there is an increasingly urgent need for better evidence about what has worked for the variety of ACOs that have succeeded.
Changes In Bundled Episode Payment Models

Under bundled episode payments providers receive a predetermined amount for all the care related to a specific condition, such as a knee replacement, over a specified time period. Bundles provide a financial incentive to manage efficiently a patient’s treatment throughout the entire episode of care across multiple providers, giving providers flexibility in the resources they use during the episode. While bundles encourage and support providers to deliver care for the episode more efficiently, they could also create incentives for the delivery of more bundles. There is a need for evidence to evaluate the impact of episode bundles on overall spending and quality.

Episode bundled payments may help address one weakness of population-based payment models, namely that many clinicians—such as surgeons or other specialists—can have an important impact on quality and costs for specialized groups of patients, but are not well-positioned to help manage the total care of a population. Bundled payment models therefore provide a vehicle for involving more clinicians in APMs. As noted, MACRA provides an additional incentive for clinicians to participate in episode bundled payments with downside financial risk (such as the Comprehensive Joint Replacement program) by allowing them to qualify for the advanced APM bonus.

For many clinicians, though, there are no existing Medicare APMs that cover the services for which they are responsible. To address this challenge, MACRA authorized the creation of the Physician Focused Payment Model Technical Advisory Committee (PTAC), charged with recommending potential APMs to CMS for piloting and adoption. To date, many of the submissions to PTAC have focused on specialized care, reflecting the interest in such models.
Balancing Multiple Payment Models

Going forward, there is potential value in expanding the range of accountable payment models, to give all providers more support and incentives to implement reforms in care. Indeed, different types of APMs may complement and reinforce each other. However, the expansion of multiple payment models has raised concerns about how they interact.

As APMs spread, more health care organizations are operating under multiple APMs. One common overlap is the use of bundled episode payments for specific services within an ACO arrangement. This could be a positive combination: evidence suggests that bundles improve efficiency within a defined episode, while ACOs can help improve population health and lower overall spending. For example, a joint replacement bundle could support the orthopedic surgeon to coordinate care for the episode and provide an efficient, high-quality intervention, while the ACO program would encourage the broader organization to address the patient’s disease progression through primary care and care coordination, and ensure the patient only receives the surgery when necessary.

However, there are challenges with operating both models for the same patient, such as how to attribute cost savings within the organization or across an ACO and specialist group, if different provider organizations are involved in care for a given patient. To avoid over-burdening physicians, it is essential to ensure that providers have aligned, non-competing interests and to minimize the administrative burden of multiple payment models. Alignment within Medicare payment models is important, but greater alignment of payment models across payers, including Medicaid and commercial payers, should ensure that incentives from multiple APMs are reinforcing and do not create additional burdens.
Supporting Providers To Succeed In Payment Reforms

As APMs become widespread, it is increasingly critical to their sustainability that providers have the competencies they need to succeed. The assumption behind accountable care is that paying providers differently will provide an incentive to deliver care differently, resulting in better outcomes and lower costs. However, if providers are not confident about what to do differently, these goals will not be achieved. Further, if providers are uncertain about how to succeed, and payment reforms are not implemented efficiently, there will be increased pressure for delaying or minimizing payment reforms, compromising efforts to improve care and lower costs. For payment reform to be successful, providers must collectively experiment with new models, evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches, develop and share best practices, and commit to constant learning and improvement.

Conclusion
Alternative payment models that feature increasing accountability for improving patient care and lowering costs continue to expand. Their impact will likely grow as providers are subject to greater risk and develop the competencies to succeed. But, the payment model is not an end in itself. To achieve better value across the American health care system, more progress is needed to refine and align alternative payment models, and to help all types of health care providers develop the capabilities needed to succeed in them.

By most accounts, the federal government’s five-year campaign to stem the tide of hospital readmissions has been a success.

The number of Medicare beneficiaries making a U-turn within 30 days of being discharged has been on a downward slope ever since reimbursement dollars were at risk under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program. For example, readmission rates for Medicare beneficiaries suffering congestive heart failure averaged 22% from 2011 to 2014, down from 24.5% from 2005 to 2008, according to a Kaiser Family Foundation analysis of CMS data. Readmissions for pneumonia patients fell from 18.2% to 16.9% during the same period.

A good thing for patients, reducing readmissions has also helped cut spending. As recently as 2011, all-cause readmissions cost the nation $41 billion, according to a 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality report. Medicare’s tab alone was $26 billion annually, $17 billion of which was attributable to avoidable rehospitalizations. By 2014, Medicare spending on readmissions fell by $9 billion.

While improvements were made during the first three years of the readmissions program, concern is mounting that momentum has stalled. There’s been no more than 0.1% reduction on average between 2013 to mid-2016, according to a December 2016 JAMA study.

“It kind of surprised us,” said Dr. Nihar Desai, a cardiologist at Yale New Haven (Conn.) Health System, and lead author of the study, which showed the link between financial penalties for readmissions and improved results.

The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission estimated that 12% of Medicare readmissions in 2011 were avoidable, and that of the 10% of hospitals who were the worst performers, 15% were avoidable. If that’s true, that would suggest most hospitals that went from 22% readmissions for a certain condition to 20% already achieved 75% of what is possible.

The reasons for the plateau are complicated, said 
Dr. Steve Jencks, whose research was instrumental in helping create the readmissions program. For starters, the number of conditions measured has grown from three—heart attacks, heart failure and pneumonia—to six with the addition of chronic lung disease, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and hip and knee replacements. Hospitals haven’t had as much time to work on the new measures. But, he said, it may also be because after making initial improvements, hospitals are going to have to dig a little deeper to get the next level, and it may take longer to see results.

“Is this the bottom, is what people are asking, and if not, what is the next set of strategies?” said Nancy Foster, vice president for patient safety at the American Hospital Association, adding that experts may have reached the limits of scientific knowledge on how to reduce readmissions.

The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program was a significant part of the Affordable Care Act’s efforts to not only control costs, but push providers to improve outcomes. The first round of penalties for high rates of readmissions took hold in 2012, with roughly 2,000 hospitals collectively taking a $290 million hit. Penalties could total $528 million in 2017, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.

The penalties have worked, Desai’s study strongly suggests. Improvements were rapid for hospitals that learned in 2010 that they were likely to be penalized for targeted conditions, with declines of 1.3 to 1.72 points a year over the next two years on average. Compare that with improvements of about 0.8 points in non-target conditions.

At hospitals that were already below average—where improvements were happening faster than the others before the readmission program’s existence—conditions that weren’t targeted declined about 0.54% a year, and there was no significant decline in the targeted conditions.

“Our data should suggest places that were not penalized seemed to have conducted broad readmission initiatives that reduced readmissions for everyone,” Desai said.

Hospitals tackled the issue in both treatment—trying to standardize best practices to avoid complications—and by beefing up discharge planning and care coordination.

Renown Health, a not-for-profit health system that serves a 17-county region in northern Nevada and northeastern California, benefited from $9.8 million in grant money the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation awarded to the Regional Emergency Medical Services Authority to incorporate paramedics into a care-coordination program in hopes of improving services for patients at home. During in-home visits, paramedics go over the patient’s discharge plan, provide education and medication reconciliation and reinforce the importance of follow-up appointments. The program saved $9.6 million over three years and Renown decided to keep funding it after the grant ended.

Joanne Scillia, Renown’s vice president of population health management, said the paramedic program saw Medicaid and Medicare Advantage patients, and delivered consistent reductions in readmissions for patients with congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart attacks.

Care-management teams at Renown also call recently discharged patients and check that home health aides or Meals on Wheels is on the way. Nurses also ask how patients are feeling and about lingering symptoms.

Renown, which is an accountable care organization, tracks all-cause readmissions by all payers and looks at the figures non-risk-adjusted. From April 2016 through March, 11.38% were readmitted within 30 days, and the system’s goal is 10.32% by a year from now. In heart attacks, Renown is below the goal, and within a tenth of a percentage point for pneumonia. COPD rates stand at 18.03% with a goal of 14.84%; with heart failure, the rate is 18.57% and the target is 16.82%.

“Although we’re doing well by national statistics, we don’t want to rest on our laurels,” Scillia said. “Our CEO, Tony Slonim, is involved in this, and he’s driving this for the organization.”

In federal fiscal 2017, Renown’s two hospitals in Reno, Nev., were assessed penalties. Renown Regional Medical Center owed 0.31% in penalties, and South Meadows Medical Center owed just 0.03% in penalties, according to a Kaiser Health News analysis of CMS data.

At the 1,500-bed Yale New Haven system, efforts to curb readmissions are continually evolving.

Dr. Ohm Deshpande, director of utilization review and clinical redesign for the system, said the first initiative they tried was to email each attending physician who had a patient return within 30 days and ask if there were specific interventions that could have been done.

“We found only 2.5% to 5% of those emails resulted in a clear process miss or mistake,” he said. “That was just not super helpful.”

Then Yale asked some of the highest-performing inpatient care managers or discharge planners to become transitional care managers, with a 70-100 person caseload, straddling inpatient and outpatient delivery.

Yale also focused on improving charts while the patient was still in the hospital. Previously, clinicians didn’t have a clear picture of which patients may have had heart failure or COPD because a DRG wasn’t assigned until three to five days after discharge. Now, nurses who review charts are assigning a working DRG within 48 hours of the patient’s arrival.

“Clinical documentation is to maximize payment, given the care given,” Deshpande said. “What we’ve found is it has huge effects on our quality scores as well.”

National Quality Forum CEO Dr. Shantanu Agrawal said hospitals have plucked the low-hanging fruit.

Deshpande described one such initiative, where Yale has invested a lot of effort, but not yet moved the needle. The health system discovered that patients transferred to a skilled-nursing facility were the most likely to return within 30 days. There was also a large degree of variability in the readmissions depending on skilled-nursing facility.

At one nursing home, Deshpande said, 45% of patients returned within 30 days. So Yale used a combination of measures—CMS star ratings, how responsive the facility was to coordinating with Yale, and internal data on readmissions—to identify preferred providers. Overall, the nursing homes that are not recommended by Yale have readmission rates 24% higher than the preferred group.

The proportion of patients who go to the preferred nursing homes has not increased, even though Yale has asked transitional-care nurses to suggest those facilities.

For fiscal 2017, Yale’s penalty is 1.91% of its Medicare reimbursement, Kaiser Health News reported , still well below the 3% maximum, but the highest in the state of Connecticut.

Desai’s paper speculated that improvements stalled after the first penalties were levied because executives realized the size of the penalty was smaller than it would cost to try to address the issue. “It was much, much smaller than they were expecting,” Desai said. But he said he doesn’t believe it’s politically feasible to make the penalty bite more. “The American Hospital Association and other groups have really, really been firm in their opposition to this. Even the current program, they were strongly opposed to. The idea of going up is really not viable at all.”

The AHA’s Foster suggested that stiffer penalties would actually drive up readmissions. “It would take away the resources to do this coordination, which would be sad,” she said, adding that the hospital group will continue to advocate for a formula that takes a patient’s socio-economic status into consideration.

As policymakers, researchers and providers assess the ongoing effectiveness of the readmissions program, they’ll likely have to overcome a cultural hurdle as well—keeping people motivated. Deshpande said Yale lost ground on heart failure even as pneumonia and heart attack readmissions improved.

“I don’t think we have had the same urgency that we did at that time,” he said, referring to 2012 and 2013. “I think it’s because we haven’t found an easy intervention.”

Original article can be accessed here.

At the Middletown, Ohio fire department, calls for actual fires are rare. These days the station responds to more calls for drug overdoses — four to five a day on average.

Firefighter Bryan Oliver goes on a lot of these runs. Oliver and his team administer Naloxone and then perform CPR. He says they may treat the same patient for multiple overdoses, sometimes in the same day.

“Anybody you talk to who does this job will tell you it’s frustrating and you put that to the side because you have a job to do,” he says.

Opioid overdoses continue to rise and for many cities and towns, the epidemic is starting to affect their bottom line. Middleton, population 48,791, has already seen nearly 600 overdoses this year — that’s more than it saw in all of 2016.

Now Middletown city councilman Dan Picard has made a startling proposal. He’s suggested a three strikes rule: overdose two times and the third time medics may not respond. If overdoses continue at this rate, Picard says they won’t be able to afford to provide emergency services.

“If we don’t do anything the city’s going to run out of money,” he says.

Each dose of Naloxone, an overdose reversal drug, cost about $36 and, depending on the potency of the opioid, one patient may require several doses. The department estimates it will spend up to $90,000 on Naloxone this year —that’s 50 percent more than their entire budget for all the medications aboard their ambulances.

Picard says that’s not the only cost. He calculates that each overdose run cost the city $1,104. He counts the wear on the ambulance, the cost of drugs and the medics’ time.

Original article can be accessed here.

In St. Louis, a woman who struggled with heart disease sometimes had so much trouble managing her breathing that she couldn’t even take out the trash. When that happened, she did what many Americans do: She called 911.

Christian Hospital began working with her via the paramedics who visited her home whenever she called for help. When the community provider, just outside St. Louis, conducted its initial assessment, providers realized she needed ongoing care and a solid plan, including education and working with her primary care physician, to help stabilize her breathing.

Jennifer Cordia, Christian Hospital’s chief nurse executive and vice president of patient care services, says the patient called the hospital recently to let staff know how well she was doing. She’s now able to leave her house, walk comfortably — and take out her own garbage.

“She just went to her first Cardinals baseball game,” Cordia says. “She was so excited. She had never been to one.”

Many hospitals like Christian struggle with overutilization of their emergency departments. Often, underinsured or uninsured patients use these services as de facto primary care. After taking a closer look at the numbers, the hospital discovered that 48 percent of its ED visits and 40 percent of emergency medical services visits were nonemergent — that is, nonacute situations that would have been better handled in an office setting. It was determined to find a solution.

“We really got a team of people together and identified the problem. We realized quickly that we needed to provide the right care, at the right cost, at the right place,” says Cordia. “The right place was our first focus.”

That was in summer 2013. The team began to work with the 911 dispatcher to identify patients who needed something other than the emergency care that 911 provides. By training community paramedics to assess patients, they were able to navigate those patients to what they called an access center. In early 2014, they opened two such centers, with coordinators who could help provide the type of care that patients needed.

“What we realized is that we needed to understand why patients were coming to the ED in the first place,” says Cordia. “So we asked them, individually.” What they found was that people generally weren’t using community resources that already existed and were funded — and sometimes the reason was that they simply didn’t know those resources existed.

Cordia emphasizes that access coordinators do more than simply point people to those assets. “Our access coordinators have made and cultivated relationships with community resources in the past three years,” she says. “We literally walk with the patient as we help them get through the barriers to access care.”

The Community Health Access Program that formed as the result of Christian Hospital’s efforts has transformed the lives of many patients. In the three years since starting CHAP, Christian Hospital has connected over 9,000 patients to needed resources.

Most recently the hospital has focused its efforts on patients who are high utilizers of the 911 system and the ED, like the aforementioned Cardinals fan, helping them get the care they need. Another CHAP patient, Shirlie Anderson, has congestive heart failure that landed her in the ED several times. She says of her experience: “They were excellent, very helpful, very cheerful. Just awesome.”

The team would come to Anderson’s home once a week and take her vitals. She says they helped her tweak the timing of a medication she takes to regulate her blood pressure, which is now under much better control, allowing her to continue to stay out of the ED. “They said, ‘Shirlie, take the medication as soon as you know your blood pressure is up.’ To this day I couldn’t tell you why I was waiting.” For her, this simple adjustment made all the difference.

Tucked within the Trump administration’s 2018 HHS budget is a proposal that could be easy to miss. A short sentence repeated a few times throughout the budget calls for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to be consolidated into the National Institutes of Health.

Health policy experts say that may be a step in the right direction for AHRQ—if done right. Turning the agency into a separate institute under the NIH’s umbrella could elevate AHRQ’s importance and strengthen its mission.

But that positive outcome can only happen if AHRQ and NIH receive the appropriate resources and support, experts say.

“Its critical AHRQ would have the same recognition as other key entities at the NIH,” said Dr. Andrew Bindman, the former director of the agency from May 2016 to January 2017.

As an independent agency housed at the HHS, AHRQ has faced frequent budget cuts and harsh criticism from congressional leaders who question its importance. Moving to the NIH might change that, Bindman said. AHRQ could benefit from NIH’s bipartisan support and a robust budget roughly seven times larger than its own.

NIH “might in fact create more of a safe and stable home for AHRQ,” he added.

But NIH is facing its own budgetary hurdles. Trump’s budget also proposed cutting $5.8 billion—or 18%—from the institutes’ budget for 2018. Those cuts have garnered significant backlash and Congress quickly boosted NIH’s funding by $2 billion for the last five months of this fiscal year.

Bindman said he anticipates AHRQ’s budget would grow at a “rate that parallels the work that goes on at the NIH as a whole.”

NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins didn’t say Thursday at a hearing with lawmakers on the Hill whether or not AHRQ would fit well at the institute, but he did say if it were to merge with the NIH, “We would figure out how to make the best of that circumstance.”

Collins also noted that AHRQ’s research is “complementary” to some of NIH’s quality and safety research.

AHRQ often follows up on NIH findings to test their implications on safety and quality. Bindman said that relationship would only improve if AHRQ was part of NIH.

AHRQ could also re-emphasize its important and unique patient safety research work at its proposed new home, Bindman said, and advocates should push for more funding since errors related to patient safety are one of the leading causes of mortality in the U.S., he added.

AHRQ can be forgotten in its current state under the HHS’ vast umbrella, according to Francois de Brantes, vice president and director of the Center for Payment Innovation at the Altarum Institute. “They might not get lost at the NIH,” he said.

But there are still differences that could hurt AHRQ, according to Dr. Richard Kronick, former director of AHRQ from 2013 to 2016. AHRQ focuses on health services research, whereas NIH largely focuses on biomedical research.

“Maintaining AHRQ’s razorlike focus on improving quality and safety could get more difficult over time” at the NIH, Kronick said.

In order to ensure AHRQ doesn’t get “lost” in the vast work that goes on at the NIH, Bindman said it’s crucial AHRQ is a distinct entity at the institute. The Trump administration proposed to keep AHRQ’s identity by creating the National Institute for Research on Safety and Quality to replace AHRQ.

If AHRQ is within the NIH, it could become the unified voice on priorities for health services research, Bindman said. He suggested the agency make a yearly address to Congress that lays out the priorities for health services research for that year. “AHRQ needs to be the home for health services research activity,” he said.

Innovations could help produce a more efficient and effective healthcare delivery system but only if the industry creates conditions that allow new models to thrive and clear a pathway to spread and scale reforms.

That’s the underlying message of a new report, “Accelerating Innovation in Health Care: Five Game-Changing Ideas to Clear the Way, by the Aspen Institute’s Health Innovation Project. The report is the result of off the record discussions with dozens of executives from Fortune 500 companies, provider organizations, and insurance companies; and leading innovators, researchers and academics.

In order to drive reforms, “the most pressing task at hand is to create fertile ground in which the seeds of innovation can grow, especially by stimulating market demand for change,” according to the report announcement.

The report explores five “game changers” to create conditions in which new models for delivering healthcare can thrive.

These big ideas suggest the industry:

End fee-for-service reimbursement by 2025
If healthcare continues to be reimbursed based on how much service is provided, there is no sustainable incentive to apply innovation to diminish volume and lower healthcare costs, according to the report. Its replacement—a new universal reimbursement model, designed collaboratively by payers and patient advocates— would pay for patient and community outcomes, not for services provided. This model would create incentives for new innovations to keep patients healthy and remove waste from the healthcare system.

Cut out the middle man and create direct-to-consumer insurance products.
A tighter alignment between what patients value about care and the financial goals of their providers would push providers to respond to consumer needs or risk losing market share. A direct-to-consumer marketplace would allow patients to opt into a relationship with a particular provider group. Employers could still contribute to the cost of this insurance model for their employees, but they would no longer be able to influence its design as middlemen, the report noted.

Share healthcare savings with consumers and communities.
Along with rewarding providers for good outcomes, new payment models must be structured to also reward the patients and communities who achieve them. A shared savings model would allow patients to earn money for managing their medical or health conditions. Although some employers offer wellness plans, the report said this concept could be applied on a larger scale. As an example, the report said the federal government could calculate how much Medicare, Medicaid and other taxpayer-funded programs would save over the next 30 years if blood pressure readings were controlled to a certain level among the population in a particular city. To save that money, the city would receive federal funds to promote blood-pressure-lowering goals through local policies and at all levels of the community, including schools, workplaces, and public spaces. Continued funding would be contingent on measurable progress, the report suggested.

Empower consumers with their own data.
Although the industry has an extraordinary amount of health data from electronic health records, insurance claims and clinical trials, the report noted that most patients make healthcare decisions based on the advice of one doctor. But if patients had greater access to aggregated data, supported by artificial intelligence and analytics, in order to make decisions about their care, it would revolutionize the industry and create a new demand for innovation, according to the report.

Develop a common return on investment (ROI) calculator.
It would be easier to adopt innovations if the industry had a universal ROI calculator that would provide information about likely outcomes and costs, taking into account short-term savings, long-term impacts and cost-sector benefits, according to the report. New research and outcomes should feed into the calculation as well. “Although individual entities, such as the Innovation Center of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, have encouraged ROI calculations for specific payment reform proposals,” the report said, “an industry-wide approach would accelerate innovation exponentially.”

HARRISBURG, Pa. (WHTM) – The state House this week approved legislation that would require insurance companies to reimburse ambulance companies when patients receive medical care but are not transported to a hospital.

Rep. Steve Barrar (R-Chester/Delaware) said his proposal, House Bill 1013, would allow for reimbursement as long as the ambulance was dispatched by a county 911 center.

Barrar said the current practice where EMS agencies can only be reimbursed if they transport the patient is a significant contributor to the financial challenges facing ambulance companies. He said many ambulance companies are facing pending closures.

He said with advancements in emergency medical services, EMS crews can treat and stabilize patients to the point where a trip to the hospital in an ambulance isn’t necessary. Such emergency calls include drug overdoses that are reversed with Narcan.

The bill is awaiting consideration in the Senate.

Link to the Bill language  http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billInfo/billInfo.cfm?sYear=2017&sInd=0&body=H&type=B&bn=1013

Among sweeping changes underway in U.S. healthcare is a brighter spotlight on patients’ transitions from hospital to home. What can be done to reduce readmissions during these vulnerable periods and possibly save billions of dollars in the process? Increasingly, an answer lies with mobile integrated teams of providers, often led by paramedics, who take healthcare right into patients’ homes.

If David Glendenning, EMT-P, had any doubts about the mission of the community paramedic program he helped organize in Wilmington, N.C., with New Hanover Regional Medical Center (NHRMC), they were dispelled four years ago, when he entered the apartment of his first patient, a man with congestive heart failure. “The thing I remember most is where he had stored his injectable medications,” he says. “Instead of putting them in the refrigerator as directed, the patient had stored them in the freezer. They were frozen solid.”

Glendenning is part of a growing wave of paramedics, advanced practice nurses, physician assistants, pharmacists and other community health workers who are traveling to newly discharged patients’ homes to provide 24/7, non-emergency care. Often working as part of emergency medical services (EMS) systems, their task is not just to deliver point-of-care treatment—thus taking the pressure off of overloaded 911 systems—but to educate and steer patients to other services and professionals they might need. The goal is to keep these high-risk individuals, many with chronic cardiovascular disorders, from returning short-term to the hospital. Pivotal to that effort are the observations these feet-on-the-street professionals make (for example, a box of pepperoni pizza on a patient’s kitchen counter) and the questions they ask (“How are you doing with your medications?”).

“We provide a unique service that helps to fill in the gaps for patients,” says Glendenning, education and outreach support officer for NHRMC-EMS. “We’re not just paramedics, but part of a comprehensive team of case managers, pharmacists and others who provide services the patient may be eligible for but not aware of.” Among the first programs of its type, the North Carolina initiative also has a solid track record. As shown in the figure at right, during a six-month period in 2014, the 30-day readmission rate for the 76 patients who were part of the program was 9.2 percent, compared to 22.2 percent for the parent hospital. The number of readmitted patients with congestive heart failure: zero.

Community paramedics also have a geographic and socioeconomic rationale. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2017, 15 percent of Americans lived in rural and remote areas. Yet, only 11 percent of the nation’s physicians practice there and rural physician shortages have been documented for 85 years (Virtual Mentor 2011;13[5]:304-9). Mobile integrated programs help address that imbalance by providing an effective at-home alternative for patients who are released from acute care but afterwards have little or no access to check-ups, monitoring and prevention programs. The same principle applies to patients who are discharged to homes in economically distressed neighborhoods—even though they may live only 10 or 15 minutes from the hospital.

Economics as the driver
What’s stoking interest in the home care model is, in a word, economics. With MACRA and bundled payment models rewriting the healthcare rulebook, providers realize they need to broaden their focus from episodic to continuum of care. And no area comes into their crosshairs faster than the slippery period from hospital to home. Here, patients are at their most vulnerable as they grapple with complex and changing care regimens, particularly with medications. Up to two-thirds of hospital readmissions have been traced to nonadherence and adverse side effects of drugs (Ann Intern Med 2003;138[3]:161-7).

A recent study of an insurer-initiated care transition program based on medication reconciliation for high-risk patients led by pharmacists via home visits and telephone consultation found that people in the intervention group were 50 percent less likely to be readmitted within 30 days of discharge than those in the control group. For cardiovascular patients, the risk of readmission was 5.3 percent compared to 9.2 percent for the control group. What’s more, the study reported that the pharmacist-driven program saved two dollars for every one spent (Health Aff [Millwood] 2016;35[7]:1222-9).

“MACRA requires us to stay interested in our patients,” says Jason Stopyra, MD, assistant professor of emergency medicine at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, and medical director for the Randolph County, N.C., Department of Emergency Services. “It means we’ll have to form partnerships with all our patients and develop approaches for even the most difficult ones,” adding, “Decision-makers will come to realize that putting money into preventive strategies will far outweigh any penalties.”

Concierge approach to patient care
North Texas Specialty Physicians (NTSP), an independent practice association serving Fort Worth and surrounding counties, acted decisively in 2010 to minimize the bundled risk it bears for healthcare utilization by its 60,000 Medicare Advantage members. NTSP contracted with MedStar Mobile Healthcare to reduce emergency department visits and unnecessary hospital admissions through visits by MedStar’s specially trained medics and case managers to the homes of patients enrolled in the program. During these visits, medics become aware of the patients’ disease management and coping skills, frame of mind and support networks. Should an individual become short of breath at 2 a.m., the same medic may be asked to intervene with medication at the home, thus preventing a trip to the hospital.

“We think of it as a concierge approach to chronically ill patients,” says S. David Lloyd, MD, MBA, medical director for Silverback Care Management, the care management division of NTSP. “And one of the reasons the program is so successful is that we partner with paramedics, who have the kind of credibility which [other providers] going into patient homes might not.” In 2016, 75 percent of the program’s 45 members had no hospital admissions within 30 days of enrollment, he says.

The number of mobile integrated healthcare programs has grown from four in 2009 to 260 today, according to Matt Zavadsky, director of public affairs for MedStar and president-elect of the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. For traditionalists like Medicare, which continues to cover only ambulance transport to the hospital, Zavadsky points to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality data and offers this advice: “If you would pay us to keep people out of the hospital, not only would you get better outcomes, but you would save a ton of money by avoiding the average $10,500 expense of admitting each patient.”

Original article can be accessed here.

The 1,400 federally qualified health centers across the U.S. are an essential source of primary-care services for approximately 24.3 million low-income individuals. Yet they are limited by a volume-based reimbursement model that prevents them from participating in outcomes-based care approaches.

Medicaid pays the centers a flat rate. Called the prospective payment system, the model ensures these centers are paid a fixed amount for each patient visit. The system was enacted in 2000 to help federally qualified health centers struggling to stay afloat with mediocre Medicaid payments.

But this model is anchored by in-person visits—even for minor ailments such as blood pressure checks—raking up Medicaid spending, limiting services and draining the providers who work at the safety-net centers.

These shortcomings have encouraged a growing number of states to consider establishing alternative payment models that enable such centers to expand services paid for by Medicaid. Federal law allows states to establish alternative payment models for its qualified health centers as long as the revenue is equal to the prospective payment model. About six states—California, Colorado, Minnesota, New York, Oregon and Washington—have created reimbursement models that pay centers for value-based services such as at-home visits, transportation services and telehealth.

But shifting to a new payer model comes with challenges that include financial risks and difficulty accessing appropriate resources, especially necessary data. It can also be difficult to adapt to a new way of doing business.

“If you are on a visit-based model for decades and you change to another model that’s hard,” said Craig Hostetler, executive director of the Oregon Primary Care Association. “Change doesn’t happen overnight so a big part of our work is supporting each other.”

The Oregon Primary Care Association works with federally qualified health centers and the state to roll out and oversee the program, called the Alternative Payment and Advanced Care Model.

Of the six states, Oregon is the farthest along in its push to value-based care for the centers. It began a pilot program with three centers in 2013. Washington plans to begin its pilot initiative July 1. The other states are still in the planning and implementation phases.

The push for states to engage in these value-based payment models has been partly influenced by Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act, argues Sara Rosenbaum, a professor of health policy at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. States that expanded Medicaid saw a large increase in the number of beneficiaries seeking care at federally qualified health centers. In 2015, 55% of qualified health center patients in expansion states were Medicaid beneficiaries, compared with 34% of health center patients in states that didn’t expand the program.

“The weaknesses of (the volume-based) model are magnified in Medicaid expansion,” Rosenbaum said. “There is a lot of pent-up demand for newly insured people who were getting limited care before.”

All six of the states looking to reform their health centers with new value-based payment models expanded Medicaid.

This heightened demand for services pressures providers who already experience burnout at these community centers, Rosenbaum said. Because the health center reimbursement model is visit-based, providers must see an exorbitant number of patients per day, even for minor conditions that can be treated over the phone or through telehealth.

“Like any encounter-based model, it can be subject to over-utilization,” Rosenbaum added.

For Oregon, the visit-based model was no longer sustainable. Of the 400,000 people treated at the state’s 200 qualified health centers, about 60% are insured by Medicaid. A federal match program that allowed the centers to engage in transitional-care services such as partnerships with community organizations ran out at the end of 2013. This forced the centers to cope with a strictly fee-for-service model that strained doctors and drained funds.

“The big motivation was to get these FQHCs financially viable,” said Jamal Furqan, program manager for federally qualified health centers at the Oregon Health Authority.

The new model allows participating centers to engage in value-based payments without losing out on reimbursement dollars. The model uses a capitated per member, per month payment system. The centers generate a list of patients who have had a visit in the last 18 months and determine the fixed rate for that patient’s care based on their usage history. This allows the center to provide services that were previously nonbillable in the prospective payment system without losing out on revenue.

The Oregon Primary Care Association has worked with the 13 centers participating in the program and the state to determine what the previously nonbillable services should be. They’ve gone through several modifications but can include offering cooking classes, transportation services and appointments via telephone.

“Addressing social determinants of health is a big piece of this,” said Hostetler at the Oregon Primary Care Association. “We have built a learning community that includes collecting data and testing interventions.”

Data collection has been a challenge, however, Hostetler said. “Capturing the work the centers do under the capitated system is difficult.”

The state has been working with the electronic health record vendor Ochin and the centers to integrate various other value-based approaches with patient data. This will allow the centers to not only easily track their previously nonbillable services but also whether or not the interventions are working.

Because of the analytics-focused approach of the model, the centers must use EHRs in order to participate. They also must have stable finances. There are budgetary safeguards a center has to make about a year before it switches to the APM model to account for any losses.

“They need to not be risk-averse,” Furqan said.

The centers also need to be eager to innovate. The model requires them to think about innovative ways to engage their patient populations and to reduce costs, Furqan added.

Cost savings from the new model have already been reported. A 2016 study from researchers at Portland State University found the program saved the Oregon health system $240 million over two years.

“We are seeing that FQHCs are able to address the needs of the communities,” Furqan said.